9^th International Congress on Infectious Diseases February 07-08, 2022 London, UK

Biography:

Swapna Amod Patankar is an Assistant Professor (MDS) in the Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Pathology & Oral Microbiology at Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University) Dental College & Hospital, Pune, India. She is currently pursuing PhD in the Faculty of Dentistry. She has an academic teaching experience of 20 years 10 months. She has carried out numerous research projects & has extensive research work on the HIV sero-positive individuals. She has numerous national & international publications to her credit & has also published 2 international books.

Abstract:

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection causes the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) which is now recognized as the great pandemic of the second half of the twenty first century. Approximately 37.7 million people are living with HIV at the end of 2020 (global statistics). As per the latest HIV estimates report (2019) of the Government India is estimated to have around 23.49 lakh people living with HIV/AIDS (PLHIV) in 2019. The HIV epidemic has an overall decreasing trend in country with estimated annual new HIV infections declining by 37% between 2010 and 2019. Hepatitis B co-infection with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is associated with accelerated progression to cirrhosis and thus a higher mortality. These viruses are the most common chronic viral infections all over the world and they share similar routes of transmission with sexual, parenteral and perinatal transmission being the most frequent modes of acquiring these infections, hence HIV-HBV co-infections are common. While HIV is Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) viruses and HBV is a Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) virus; but they are similar in terms of how high they replicate in the body. HAART (Highly Active Anti-retroviral Therapy) has extended the life expectancy of people with HIV, but liver diseases related to HCV and HBV complicate management of HAART, which is a leading cause of non-AIDS[1]related deaths in this population. Prevalence of HCV & HBV co-infections in HIV patients in the world. According to WHO (World Health Organization). HIV-HBV co-infection: 7.6%.

Biography:

Suresh Kumar Kali has his expertise in infection immunology and passionate in improving translational research. His open and contextual reviews based on constructive evidence creates new pathways for improving therapeutics. He has articulated this review after years of experience in research and evaluation in education institutions. This review is peer-reviewed and published on international journal.

Abstract:

COVID-19 exhibits a global health threat among the elderly and the population with underlying health conditions. During infection, the host’s innate immune response acts as a frontline of defense by releasing cytokines such as type I interferon (IFN α and β) thereby initiating antiviral activity. However, this particular interferon response is interrupted by factors such as SARS-CoV-2 non-structural proteins, aging, diabetes and germ-line errors eventually making the host more susceptible to illness. Thus, the deficiency of type I IFN leads to poor innate immune responses in the host against SARS-CoV-2 infection, eventually leading to severe illness. Therefore, enhancing the host’s innate immune response by administering type I IFN could be a key to prevent the host from COVID- 19 severity. Several viral diseases primarily target the innate immune response to replicate and progress in the host. Intriguingly, COVID-19 severity was associated with a significantly low innate immune response. IFN β monotherapy would be an effective early-stage treatment option to prevent COVID-19 severity. For instance, SNG001, an IFN β product, is in phase 3 clinical trial against COVID-19 and its final data will reveal the efficiency of IFN β monotherapy. We evaluated here the importance of the innate immune response during SARS-CoV-2 infection and the molecular mechanism of IFN β-mediated antiviral activity against SARS- CoV[1]2 infection and concluded that the IFN β monotherapy as an attractive potent treatment option against SARS[1]CoV-2. Therefore, IFN β monotherapy-mediated enhancement of innate immune response could be a key component in future strategies to prevent large-scale viral disease outbreaks.

Biography:

Aisha Alamri obtained her BSc in clinical laboratory sciences in Dammam, Saudi Arabia and her PhD in medical microbiology from the University of Bristol, UK in 2012. Dr. Alamri is currently working as an Assistant Professor of Medical Microbiology at Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Saudi Arabia and she is also researcher in the field of Antimicrobial Resistance and Human Microbiome.

Abstract:

The discovery of antibiotics a century ago was a game changer in the face of infectious diseases, However, the world witnessed a dramatic drop in antibiotics efficacy in the last few decades due to superbugs emergence and dissemination. With an estimated 10 million deaths per year by 2050, the world health organization has declared that antimicrobial resistance is one of the top 10 global public health threats facing humanity. The use of antibiotics in non-clinical fields such as food industry, livestock and for environmental purposes have complicated the picture and made proposed solutions to combat resistance hard to achieve. The rise of COVID-19 as a pandemic on the other hand has magnified the scope of the problem as many COVID-positive cases were prescribed extended spectrum antibiotics to manage suspected secondary bacterial infections. The novel antibiotics industry is not coping with the global demand because of complex factors related to the cost and business logistics. The future solution must include implementing strict infection control measures improving pathogen detection technologies adherence to antibiotics stewardship guidelines and supporting novel antimicrobial research and discoveries at national and international levels.

Biography:

Eshetu Nigussie (MSc) is an Assistant Professor of Diagnostic and Public Health Microbiology Head, Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Madda Walabu University Goba Referal Hospital, Ethiopia.

Abstract:

Background: Dengue Fever (DF) is a re-emerging public health threat in Ethiopia. Yet, little is known about the epidemiology and risk factors of dengue infection in the region. In this study, the seroprevalence and associated risk factors of dengue virus infection were assessed in the Borena Zone health facilities.

Methods: A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted from July to August 2016. A total of 519 consecutive acute febrile patients attending the outpatient departments of Teltelle Health Center, Yabello and Moyale Hospital were enrolled. Data on socio-demographic and environmental risk factors were collected using a structured questionnaire. Three to five-milliliter blood samples were collected from all participants and screened for dengue virus exposure using an indirect immunofluorescent assay.

Results: The overall prevalence of anti-DENV IgG and IgM was 22.9% and 7.9%, respectively. DF serostatus was influenced by gender (adjusted odds ratio (AOR)=1.72; 95% CI 1.01-2.94), place of residence (AOR=2.69; 95%CL 1.55-4.64) that had a higher rate of exposure and recalling of a recent mosquito bite (AOR=2.98; 95% CI 1.51-5.89) probably imply recent and/or ongoing active transmission.

Conclusion: This study showed that DF could potentially emerge as a public health threat in the study area. In addition to that, the observed low awareness of participants underlines the urgent need for further community based studies to determine the environmental and host factors that determine the extent of exposure to dengue virus infection in the area for appropriate control and prevention planning.

Biography:

Swapna Amod Patankar is an Assistant Professor (MDS) in the Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Pathology & Oral Microbiology at Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University) Dental College & Hospital, Pune, India. She is currently pursuing PhD in the Faculty of Dentistry. She has an academic teaching experience of 20 years 10 months. She has carried out numerous research projects & has extensive research work on the HIV sero-positive individuals. She has numerous national & international publications to her credit & has also published 2 international books.

Abstract:

Introduction: Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) is a small circular double stranded DNA virus which has been implicated in a variety of benign and malignant neoplasias in human oral and anogenital regions. About 100 different HPV genotypes have been identified and classified as either low-risk or high-risk oncogenic types based on their ability to induce neoplasia in host epithelial cells. Most prevalent high-risk types are HPV 16 and 18, which have been detected in the majority of malignant lesions worldwide. Low-risk types such as HPV 6 and 11 are most often associated with benign lesions. Several epidemiological and molecular studies have suggested a significant link between high-risk HPV types (mainly 16 and 18) and oral cancer. Recent evidence has indicated that HPV-related pathology is increased in the oral cavity of Human Immunodeficiency Virus give (HIV)-positive individuals. HPV types are known to be seen more in HIV positive patients, as they are immune-deficient. HPV in saliva of HIV-positive individuals may be associated with high risk for development of HPV-related oral lesions, including malignancy.

Methods: To detect the presence of HPV in HIV-positive patients, 30 saliva samples of sex- workers from redlight street areas in Pune were collected & DNA sequences carried out by polymerase chain reaction (PCR).

Results: The results obtained were negative for HPV in the 30 saliva samples. Thus, indicating that more sample size should be considered for detection of HPV in HIV sero-positive patients for detection of HPV in saliva samples.

Conclusion: This is a non-invasive & prognostic type of study, the results of which will defiantly help in screening, early detection & prevention of HPV related oral cancers in immune-compromised HIV patients by using saliva samples.

Biography:

Amr Mohamed Zaghloul is an Associate Professor of Tropical Medicine and Gastroenterology Sohag University, Egypt.

Abstract:

Background: Tumor necrosis factor gene polymorphisms are suggested to affect the Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection natural course. TNF family includes Lymphotoxin-alpha (LTA) as a pro-inflammatory cytokine and is an important mediator of hepatic fibrogenesis. LTA gene polymorphisms are shown to play a role in different inflammatory and immunomodulatory diseases including cancers.

Aim: Study the contribution of LTA gene polymorphism in different stages of chronic Hepatitis C viral (CHC) infection and risk of primary hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in these patients.

Patients and Methods: Our study included 108 chronic HCV patients grouped according to the disease clinical stage. Group (A): CHC, Group (B): Liver Cirrhosis (LC), Group (C): LC with HCC and Group (D): Healthy Controls. Routine laboratory investigations, Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) for quantification of HCV, abdominal ultrasonography and Liver Stiffness Measurement (LSM) were done. Child-Turcotte-Pugh, Model for End-stage Liver Disease (MELD) and Fibrosis index based on 4 (FIB-4) scores were calculated. We used the PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism technique for Lymphotoxin-α genotyping.

Results: A/A genotype was the most frequent one in the control group (50%) and the A/G genotype was the predominant variant in all patients groups. In HCC patients, G/G genotype was more frequent (31.8%) than in the LC group (19.4%), CHC group (17.8%) and healthy controls (4.17%). No significant association was found between the three genotypes and LSM, FIB 4 and viral load. A significant association was found between LTA genotypes and the Child classes in HCC but not in LC patients. HCC patients carrying A/G genotype had higher MELD scores than other genotypes. There was no statistically significant difference between the three genotypes regarding liver cancer stages, ultrasonography findings or alpha-fetoprotein levels in patients group with HCC. Multivariate binary logistic regression analysis confirmed that LTA G/G genotype and low platelet count were independent predictors for HCC development in patients with HCV-related LC.

Conclusion: Detection of LTA G/G genotype in patients with HCV-related chronic liver diseases could help to recognize high-risk patients for disease progression and HCC development.

Biography:

Jean Bosco Mbonigaba is a public health expert in NTDs control and elimination. He joined the national NTD programme in 2016 and from May 2017 he is serving as acting director of NTDs and other parasitic diseases unit within Rwanda Biomedical Centre. He coordinated different initiatives including the first ever approved Rwanda NTD strategic plan 2019-2024; Initializing and coordinating the multi-sectoral collaboration response to NTDs and the decentralization and integration of NTD control and elimination plans under district; He coordinated the decentralization and integration of Mass Drug Administration within existing community and school platforms which resulted in ownership of MDA implementation costs. He has coordinated NTDs mapping, surveillance and elimination projects. His current focus is to have Rwanda validated for elimination of 7 targeted NTDs by 2024 and the reduction of NTDs burden to alleviate sufferings of affected individuals and communities.

Abstract:

By 2030, numbers of people requiring interventions for neglected tropical diseases is targeted for reduction by 90% (Sustainable Development Goals 3.3). Partners mainly for the mass drug administration support most of neglected tropical diseases programmes in endemic countries. On the other hand, there is a decline of partners financial support. In the road towards achieving the above target and eliminate neglected tropical diseases available in Rwanda according to strategic plans in place, in addition to the mass drug administration supported mainly by partners to control soil-transmitted helminthiasis and schistosomiasis more comprehensive interventions needed to be strategically oriented and implemented in a sustainable manner. Since 2012, the specific neglected tropical diseases unit was in place at national level for the national coordination. In 2019, Rwanda adopted a decentralization and integration approach down to village (lower administrative entity in Rwanda) level under coordination of administrative district in order to maximize benefits of available resources and opportunities and to improve community and local leadership engagement and ownership. As a result, local administration integrated neglected tropical diseases control interventions in their plans by collaborating with health sector. At village and school level, both the leadership and community members are engaged during weekly gatherings by (1) Health education for behavior change and (2) Community engagement in seeking homegrown solutions: Identification of local risk factors and local-feasible preventive measures (related to water, sanitation, hygiene and environmental health) with implementation timelines to eliminate them in their community. Furthermore, (3) Mass drug administration is now owned by the country where in each village it is integrated with the malnutrition screening while in schools the teacher of each class administers the medicines to his/her respective children. This practice of integrating and owning the neglected tropical diseases program can inspire other countries sharing similar context with Rwanda.

Biography:

Edmund Ilimoan Yamba is a Lecturer and an Early Career Research Scientist at the Meteorology and Climate Science Unit in the Department of Physics, KNUST. He has a PhD in Meteorology and Climate Science, an MPhil in Geophysics and a BSc in Physics under his belt. He has research interest in Biometeorology with expert focus on modeling weather-driven infectious diseases in humans and animals, climate change and human health, urban bio-climates and climate modeling. He seeks to use his expertise to inspire positive change, mentor upcoming scientists and make the world a better place than he came to meet it.

Abstract:

The biology of the malaria parasite and the mosquito that transmits it is influenced by the weather and climate of a place. Any change in weather and climate conditions will have an impact on anopheles mosquito activity, hence, malaria transmission. In Sub-Saharan Africa, information on the climate drivers of seasonal malaria and their relative importance is limited. Clinical malaria case counts are commonly used to study the impact of weather and climate on malaria transmission seasonally. But this data has vulnerability to large errors due to out-of-sample generalization over space and time, erroneous diagnosis and under-counting due to varying health-seeking behavior and policy. Since Entomological Inoculation Rate (EIR) can directly quantify parasite-infected mosquitoes and their proclivity to transmit parasites to humans, it was used as a feasible alternative to malaria case count in this study. Applying a statistical mixed model framework to monthly EIR data, the climate drivers of malaria seasonality and their relative importance was determined for different climate settings in Sub-Saharan Africa. The results showed that EIR has a seasonal response to temperature ranges between 16 and 40 degrees Celsius, implying that seasonal malaria transmission is not viable below or above this range. In west central Africa, climate variables were insignificant drivers of malaria seasonality. In Equatorial East Africa, temperature (minimum, mean and maximum) was the important determinant at altitudes below 500m whiles at above 1000m, rainfall was the significant driver. In the Sahel and Guinea Savannah zones, rainfall and maximum temperature were important determinants at elevations below 500m. The lag between rainy season onset and malaria season onset was observed exclusively at climate zones where rainfall is markedly seasonal such as the Sahel. The findings of this work are crucial for future malaria modeling efforts and refinement of existing weather-driven malaria models. It can also help describe seasonal malaria transmission heterogeneity and burden across Sub-Saharan Africa. Taking in to account the seasonality in malaria control, this could translate to substantial public health gains as it can be used to determine when, where and how to apply vector and parasite control measures.

Biography:

Shabani Kiyabo Motto is a master candidate at Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology (NM-AIST) and Livestock Research Officer (LRO) at Tanzania Veterinary Laboratory Agency (Central Veterinary Laboratory) Department of Microbiology (Molecular Section) in Dar es Salaam since 2016. His role is to promote animal health and welfare through animal disease diagnosis, surveillance of infectious and neglected tropical diseases, vector and food borne disease control to improve livestock production and enhance food safety and security for better human wellbeing. At the moment, Shabani is researching the epidemiology of leptospirosis infections in small holder dairy cattle in highly raising farming system in the northern and southern highland of Tanzania.

Abstract:

Problem Statement: Leptospirosis causes a serious fever and abortion in humans and the dairy industry respectively. Small Holder Dairy Farmers (SHDF) are among the group ranked at higher risk of contracting leptospirosis during milking, feeding, cleaning animal waste, disposing of aborted or placental materials. In recent years, the Northern and Southern Highland Zones of Tanzania become the foremost raising dairy cattle and milk-producing core areas. Despite many studies that have reported leptospirosis in various hosts yet the epidemiology of leptospirosis in dairy cattle especially in SHDF is not well studied. We conducted this study to explore the epidemiology of leptospirosis in small holder dairy cattle.

Methods: We carried out a cross-sectional study among small holder dairy cattle in Tanzania. Only 2045 dairy cattle were sampled for serological testing. We further interviewed farmers to get epidemiological information for predictive risk factors. The sera were tested for antibodies against leptospira hardjo serovars.

Results: 13.1% of total animals showed seropositive and higher seropositive showed in Iringa 32.02% and Tanga 18.93% region. Considering multivariate analysis, animal age (OR=1.292, 1.124-1.485, 95% CI), herds size (OR=1.425, 1.215-1.671, 95% CI) were statistically significant to leptospirosis in cattle and the years of experience farmers in managing animals (OR=1.194, 1.407-1.407, 95% CI). Keeping dairy cattle in Iringa and Tanga regions likely in a position of animal fond with leptospirosis at (OR=4.267, 1.72-10.573, 95% CI) and (OR=2.205, 0.968-5.022, 95% CI) respectively.

Conclusion: The consequences of leptospirosis may be higher as the disease continues spreading and it is likely to cross to dairy farmers. As the test method used is limited to one serovar detection, it is important to typify the most common serovars circulating in cattle for appropriate vaccine of use to reduce risks

Biography:

Turatsinze Marcel is medical student, interested in community health awareness especially communicable especially in low-income countries due to burden of communicable disease; my ambition is creativity in fight against communicable and non-communicable diseases.

Abstract:

Background: HIV is one of the major problems worldwide in health system and this shown by the huge number of HIV infected people. In low-income countries, HIV related disease, mainly opportunistic infections is the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in HIV patients. But high-income countries, non-HIV related disease are on the top as the most common causes of hospital admission in HIV patients as a result of the of good awareness and skills of importance good adherence to antiretroviral. Objective: The objective of this study was to identify the causes of admissions and outcome of HIV patients among patient admitted in internal medicine department of CHUK (Centre Universitaire de Kigali) over a one-year period from January 2015 to December 2015.

Methods: A retrospective study with quantitative strategy of data analysis, HIV cases were identified from the admission register of medical wards of Internal medicine department of CHUK and the case notes were retrieved from the archive of CHUK and analyzed.

Results: There were 153 patients: 101 males and 52 females. Where the youngest was 17 and the oldest was 84 years with a median age is 40. The commonest causes of admission of HIV patients were pulmonary tuberculosis, cryptococcal meningitis, anemia and malaria with 32%, 13.7% and 3.3% and 3.3% respectively. HIV related admissions were on top 73.86% compare to HIV non-related admissions were 26.14%. Mortality rate in CHUK was 34.6%. The causes of mortality were pulmonary TB, cryptococcal meningitis, 12.4%, 6% respectively.

Conclusion: This study showed that HIV patients were admitted in CHUK primarily due to HIV related diseases and they were associated with a high mortality. It shows that HIV is a significant health problem in Rwanda. Therefore, more effort is required to increase public awareness about HIV, to improve patient detection, treatment and follow up, primarily by health care providers.

Biography:

Maria Teresa Mascellino graduated at the age of 25 years in Rome during the period of 1980 and specialized in Clinical Microbiology at Sapienza University of Rome (Italy). She works as an Aggregate Professor in the Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases at Policlinico Umberto I° of Rome. She was responsible for the Simple Operative Unit "Microbiological Analyses in the immunocompromised hosts". She has published about 100 papers in reputed journals and has been serving as an editorial board member of repute for several scientific journals. She is Editor of four books and authors of four chapters. She is referee for many important International Journals and for the Research Projects of the Ministry of University and Scientific Research (MIUR) of Rome other than referee at Fund for the control of Infectious Diseases (RFCD) of Hong Kong for the revisions of Research Projects. She was charged for teaching to foreign students.

Abstract:

Aim of this study was to evaluate the secondary resistance in Helicobacter pylori (Hp) infected patients who had failed a first-line therapy and to compare the genotypic tests performed directly on gastric samples with phenotypic tests performed on culture media. The eradication rate of patients treated with Bismuth Quadruple Therapy (BQT) was also evaluated. A total of 80 positive specimens were retrospectively examined. Antibiotic susceptibility testing of Hp strains was performed by E-test, whereas a molecular method was used for detecting the mutations involved in clarithromycin (CLA) and levofloxacin (LEV) resistance. High resistance levels to metronidazole (MZ) and CLA (61.6% and 35%, respectively) and worrying resistance levels to LEV (15%) were found phenotypically. Multiple resistance to two or three antibiotics was observed as well. The combination MZ+TE (tetracycline) recommended in BQT was detected just in one strain (1.25%) and resulted as being much inferior to all other combinations including MZ, CLA and LEV. The polymorphism A2143G on clarithromycin 23S rRNA gene was found in 34/80 (42.5%) isolates including 10 mixed infections (29%) which indicated the simultaneous presence of resistant and susceptible strains in the stomach antrum, whereas 28/80 (35%) strains were resistant phenotypically (difference not statistically significant, p>0.05). In contrast levofloxacin resistance was 30% by PCR and 15% by E-test (difference statistically significant, p < 0.05). The genetic methods turned out to be better than the phenotypic techniques especially in the absence of live bacteria or for identifying mixed infections that may lead to a resistance underestimation or in contaminated cultures. The BQT (PPI+Bismuth+MZ+TE) eradication rate was effective (90%). This therapy has proven high efficacy despite MZ resistance also bypassing the quinolone resistance and overcoming the CLA-resistance. The knowledge of clarithromycin and levofloxacin resistance is crucial to establish an appropriate therapy in different geographical areas.